<i>Euclid</i>: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions★
The Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 deg 2 , including the cluster core up to 0.25 r 200 . The dataset reaches a point-source depth of I E = 28.0 ( Y E , J E , H E = 25.3), AB magnitudes at 5 σ with a 0′′.16 (0′′.48) full width at half maximum (FWHM), and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag arcsec −2 for radially integrated galaxy profiles. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright galaxies and low surface brightness ones, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the near-infrared (NIR). Cluster membership was determined using several methods in order to maximise the completeness and minimise the contamination of foreground and background sources. We adopted a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper, that includes their photometric and structural properties. We identified all other sources in the Euclid images and obtained accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 137 bright cluster galaxies and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations, which are summarised here. We derived the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid I E band thanks to supplementary u, g, r, i, z , and H α data from the Canada-France-Hawai’i Telescope (CFHT). Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. We fit the LF and SMF with a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M ( I E ) ≃ −19 and a faint-end slope of α S ≃ −1.2 to −1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of α S ≃ −1.2 to −1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution.
Authors
- G. Seidel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-353X)
- J. Brinchmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-8797)
- R. P. Saglia
- P. Tallada-Crespí (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1336-8328)
- A Balestra
- O. Lahav (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1134-9035)
- G. Riccio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7020-1172)
- L. Conversi
- D. Le Mignant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-5515)
- L. Quilley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8375-8605)
- C. Sirignano
- M. Brescia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-5680)
- E. Merlin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6870-8900)
- I. Hook (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-978X)
- M. Kunz
- M. Bolzonella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-4607)
- J. Carretero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-0204)
- M. Schirmer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-9994)
- F. Marulli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-0303)
- D. Scott (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6878-9840)
- C. Giocoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9590-7961)
- O. Marggraf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-3852)
- H. Bouy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7084-487X)
- N. A. Hatch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-0534)
- F. Courbin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0758-6510)
- Y. Copin
- S. Paltani
- F. Buitrago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2861-9812)
- A. Kiessling (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-1273)
- Santiago Casas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-5138)
- A. Grazian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-0663)
- G. Sirri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2626-2853)
- S. Mei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2849-559X)
- S. Bardelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8900-0298)
- Sandrine Codis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-0032)
- R. F. Peletier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-947X)
- V. Capobianco
- L. Moscardini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-6716)
- S.-M Niemi
- T. Schrabback (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6987-7834)
- S. Farrens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-9387)
- Stephen Gwyn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8221-8406)
- T. Saifollahi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-7660)
- P Gómez-Álvarez
- Pierre–Alain Duc (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-6284)
- E. Zucca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5845-8132)
- S. Andreon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-8784)
- S. Pires (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0249-2104)
- R. Massey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-3780)
- Xiyan Xu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-1325)
- T. Vassallo
- R. Scaramella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2229-193X)
- R. Toledo-Moreo
- M. Moresco
- M. Baes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3930-2757)
- J. Skottfelt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-8283)
- D. Sapone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7089-4503)
- Elisabeth Sola
- M. Meneghetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-7084)
- D. Bonino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-9977)
- M. Poncet
- G. Congedo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2508-0046)
- L. Valenziano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-0104)
- L.K Hunt
- F.R Marleau
- E. Romelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-9222)
- C. Burigana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-5796)
- Christopher J. Conselice (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1949-7638)
- Henk Hoekstra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0641-3231)
- A. Biviano
- I. Tutusaus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-0399)
- H. Degaudenzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5887-6799)
- O. Mansutti
- N. Martinet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-7790)
- W. Gillard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-9748)
- F Tarsitano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-0238)
- C. Padilla Aranda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7951-0166)
- E. Maiorano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-4355)
- B. Gillis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-1270)
- F. Dubath (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-2810)
- Jenny G. Sorce
- A. Hornstrup (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3363-0936)
- S. Fotopoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9686-254X)
- E. Medinaceli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-7783)
- Anna Ferré-Mateu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-220X)
- A. Amara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-3491)
- C. Tortora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-6531)
- Michele Cantiello (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-384X)
- A. Lançon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7214-8296)
- D. Carollo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0005-5787)
- K. Jahnkę (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-2137)
- B. Altieri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-0284)
- A. Secroun
- M. Farina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-7846)
- F. Mannucci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4803-2381)
- M Jhabvala
- R. Bender (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7179-0626)
- F. Pasian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-3227)
- L. Guzzo
- R. Nakajima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-6176)
- J. Weller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8282-2010)
- S. Ligori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4172-4606)
- M. Castellano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9875-8263)
- F. Grupp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9303)
- Angelos Nersesian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-409X)
- S. Galeotta
- F. Raison (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-6918)
- M. Melchior
- E. Franceschi
- E. A. Valentijn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1032-6680)
- Marco Baldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4145-1943)
- C. Bodendorf
- J Martín-Fleitas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-569X)
- Rebecca Habas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-3841)
- Konrad H. Kuijken (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3827-0175)
- S. Dusini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-0664)
- K. Markovič
- S. Camera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3399-3574)
- M. Kilbinger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-7138)
- J. Dinis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5075-1601)
- V. Lindholm
- Petra Awad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0428-849X)
- Jason Rhodes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-8549)
- Jesse B. Golden-Marx (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6394-045X)
- M. Cropper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4571-9468)
- E. Keihänen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1804-7715)
- G. Castignani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-0687)
- Koshy George (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-8455)
- Raphael Zöller
- S. Cavuoti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-4196)
- Mireia Montes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7847-0393)
- N. Auricchio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-8651)
- M. Frailis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-2135)
- Jean‐Charles Cuillandre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-8645)
- V Scottez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3864-940X)
- V. de Lapparent
- Petra Schneider (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8561-2679)
- M. Scialpi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5100-4986)
- P. Šimon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-9975)
- C. Carbone
- Christopher Stone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7842-8029)
- S. Kermiche
- S. Serrano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-2861)
- G. Polenta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-9196)
- P. Jablonka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9655-1063)
- M. Douspis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4203-3954)
- E. Branchini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0808-6908)
- F. Bournaud (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-0250)
- L. Pozzetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7085-0412)
- A. Cimatti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4409-5633)
- M.-A. Miville-Deschênes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-6062)
- G. De Lucia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6220-9104)
- M Abdurro'Uf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5258-8761)
- M Mondelin
- Yun Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4749-2984)
- A. Da Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-1609)
- L. Stančo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-5104)
- Rubén Sánchez-Janssen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4945-0056)
- L. Ulivi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3291-5382)
- M Urbano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-0650)
- Y. Mellier
- D. Maino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-1242)
- X. Dupac
- I. Tereno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4537-6218)
- V. Pettorino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-9320)
- G. Meylan
- H. Kurki‐Suonio
- P. Hudelot
- R. Kohley
- W. A. Holmes
- R. Laureijs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9897-9779)
- N. Aghanim
- A. Boselli
- S. Maurogordato
- F. Hormuth
- K. Pedersen
- B. Kubik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5823-4880)
- T Kitching
- I. Lloro
- M. D. Seiffert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-9393)
- Y. Ascasíbar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-2479)
- M. Poulain
- A. Mora
- J.-L. Stéphan
- M Kluge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9214-3348)
- S. Ferriol
- M. Kümmel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-2117)
- A. Renzi
Institutions
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (FR)
- Universidad de Valladolid (ES)
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (FR)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Leiden University (NL)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (CA)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Institute of Space Sciences (ES)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (FR)
- Université Catholique de Lille (FR)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Perimeter Institute (CA)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Institut Universitaire de France (FR)
- Institute for High Energy Physics (ES)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Durham University (GB)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- University of Trento (IT)
- Université Côte d'Azur (FR)
- The Open University (GB)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- Université de Lille (FR)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (FR)
- Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (DE)
- Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (IT)
- Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI)
- Astronomical Observatory of Rome (IT)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (FR)
- Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte (IT)
- European Space Agency (FR)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (FR)
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL (FR)
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (CH)
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (ES)
- Ghent University (BE)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Sorbonne Université (FR)
- Técnicas Reunidas (Spain) (ES)
- Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation (FR)
- Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (FR)
- Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (PT)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ES)
- European Space Astronomy Centre (ES)
- Centre de physique des particules de Marseille (FR)
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille (FR)
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT)
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (FR)
- École Normale Supérieure (BI)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT)
- Royal Observatory (GB)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Lagrange Laboratory (FR)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- Château Gombert (FR)
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- Cegep Edouard Montpetit (CA)
- Collurania Teramo Observatory (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (IT)
- Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur (FR)
- CEA Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (FR)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES)
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (IT)
- Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary (RO)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
- Port d'Informació Científica (ES)
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari (IT)
- Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IT)
- Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon (FR)
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (IT)
- European Space Research Institute (IT)
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES)
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (FR)
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (US)
- Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio
- Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (FR)
- European Space Research and Technology Centre (NL)
- University of Florence (IT)
- University College London (GB)
- UK Astronomy Technology Centre (GB)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Université de Strasbourg (FR)
- University of Chile (CL)
- École Centrale de Lille (FR)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (NL)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ES)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2025-03-20
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450808
- Citations
- 15
- Primary Topic
- Astro and Planetary Science
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 16.17