Development of a Data Overflow Protection System for Super-Kamiokande to Maximize Data from Nearby Supernovae
Abstract Neutrinos from very nearby supernovae, such as Betelgeuse, are expected to generate more than ten million events over 10 s in Super-Kamokande (SK). At such large event rates, the buffers of the SK analog-to-digital conversion board (QBEE) will overflow, causing random loss of data that are critical for understanding the dynamics of the supernova explosion mechanism. In order to solve this problem, two new data-acquisition (DAQ) modules were developed to aid in the observation of very nearby supernovae. The first of these, the SN module, is designed to save only the number of hit photomultiplier tubes during a supernova burst and the second, the Veto module, prescales the high-rate neutrino events to prevent the QBEE from overflowing based on information from the SN module. In the event of a very nearby supernova, these modules allow SK to reconstruct the time evolution of the neutrino event rate from beginning to end using both QBEE and SN module data. This paper presents the development and testing of these modules together with an analysis of supernova-like data generated with a flashing laser diode. We demonstrate that the Veto module successfully prevents DAQ overflows for Betelgeuse-like supernovae as well as the long-term stability of the new modules. During normal running the Veto module is found to issue DAQ vetos a few times per month resulting in a total dead-time less than 1 ms, and does not influence ordinary operations. Additionally, using simulation data we find that supernovae closer than 800 pc will trigger the Veto module, resulting in a prescaling of the observed neutrino data.
Authors
- M. Nicholson
- C. W. Walter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-2380)
- M. R. Vagins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-0480)
- K. Martens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5049-3339)
- M. Lamoureux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-5826)
- L. Ludovici (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-9960)
- T. Kinoshita
- S. Moriyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-2839)
- Junyou Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-1492)
- K. Choi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-9123)
- Y. Itow (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8198-1968)
- Stephen Wilson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-5669)
- S. B. Kim
- Ryuji Okazaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0177-7527)
- J. L. Raaf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4533-929X)
- M. Ikeda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4177-5828)
- T. Kikawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3326-1584)
- M. Scott (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1759-4453)
- Lorenzo Périssé (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3444-4454)
- Y. Hayato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-5038)
- Y. Ommura
- S. B. Boyd
- Z. Hu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-8792)
- L. Kneale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4087-1244)
- J. Łagoda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8828-6100)
- H. Menjo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8466-1938)
- Y. Kashiwagi
- T. Nakadaira
- Hayato Shiba (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4170-3699)
- Mrinal Kanti Mandal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3345-5250)
- R. Matsumoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-9242)
- K. Okumura (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5523-2808)
- A Beauchêne
- M. Shinoki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-6256)
- Th. A. Mueller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2743-4741)
- T. Nakamura
- K. Shimizu
- H. Sekiya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-0436)
- Y. Noguchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3113-3127)
- Tomofumi Tada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3093-3779)
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Institutions
- Boston University (US)
- Chonnam National University (KR)
- Tokyo Institute of Technology (JP)
- Kobe Design University (JP)
- Obayashi (Japan) (JP)
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- TRIUMF (CA)
- Tokai University (JP)
- State University of New York (US)
- University of Hawaii System (US)
- Okayama University of Science (JP)
- University of Padua (IT)
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- École Polytechnique (FR)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Miyagi University of Education (JP)
- Tokyo University of Science (JP)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (GB)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- Duke University (US)
- British Columbia Institute of Technology (CA)
- Yokohama National University (JP)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Keio University (JP)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Daresbury Laboratory (GB)
- New Generation University College (ET)
- Kaichi International University (JP)
- California State University, Dominguez Hills (US)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL)
- Institute for Basic Science (KR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- International Centre for Interdisciplinary Science and Education (VN)
- Fukuoka Institute of Technology Junior College (JP)
- Kyoto University of Education (JP)
- Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute (JP)
- Science Oxford (GB)
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (FR)
- Shizuoka University of Welfare (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Gifu University (JP)
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (JP)
- University of Warsaw (PL)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Kobe University (JP)
- Polytechnic University of Bari (IT)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- The University of Winnipeg (CA)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
- Published
- 2024-08-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/ptep/ptae128
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Neutrino Physics Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.32
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Compute Canada
- Western Canada Research Grid
- King's College London
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Institute for Basic Science
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science