Size of discriminants of periodic geodesics on the modular surface

Pick a random matrix <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SL</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Denote by <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>𝒪</mml:mi> <mml:mi>𝕂</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> the Dedekind ring generated by its eigenvalues, and let <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>𝕂</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Tr</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> be the respective discriminant of the rings <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>𝒪</mml:mi> <mml:mi>𝕂</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , the multiplier ring <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∩</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ℚ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We show that their ratios admit probability limit distributions when ordered by Frobenius norm. In particular, 42% of the elements of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> have a fundamental discriminant, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a ring of integers with probability 32%.

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Journal
Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux
Published
2025-11-27
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5802/jtnb.1343
Primary Topic
Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
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article
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article

Size of discriminants of periodic geodesics on the modular surface

François Maucourant
Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux
Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
article

Size of discriminants of periodic geodesics on the modular surface

François Maucourant
article en

Abstract

Pick a random matrix <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SL</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Denote by <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>𝒪</mml:mi> <mml:mi>𝕂</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> the Dedekind ring generated by its eigenvalues, and let <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>𝕂</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Tr</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> be the respective discriminant of the rings <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>𝒪</mml:mi> <mml:mi>𝕂</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , the multiplier ring <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∩</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ℚ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We show that their ratios admit probability limit distributions when ordered by Frobenius norm. In particular, 42% of the elements of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> have a fundamental discriminant, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ℤ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a ring of integers with probability 32%.

Journal de Théorie des Nombres de BordeauxVol. 37(3)
Université de Rennes (FR)
Reduced inequalities
Openalex Percentile: Top 99%
Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals
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