DIII-D research to provide solutions for ITER and fusion energy

Abstract The DIII-D tokamak has elucidated crucial physics and developed projectable solutions for ITER and fusion power plants in the key areas of core performance, boundary heat and particle transport, and integrated scenario operation, with closing the core-edge integration knowledge gap being the overarching mission. New experimental validation of high-fidelity, multi-channel, non-linear gyrokinetic turbulent transport models for ITER provides strong confidence it will achieve Q ⩾ 10 operation. Experiments identify options for easing H-mode access in hydrogen, and give new insight into the isotopic dependence of transport and confinement. Analysis of 2,1 islands in unoptimized low-torque IBS demonstration discharges suggests their onset time occurs randomly in the constant β phase, most often triggered by non-linear 3-wave coupling, thus identifying an NTM seeding mechanism to avoid. Pure deuterium SPI for disruption mitigation is shown to provide favorable slow cooling, but poor core assimilation, suggesting paths for improved SPI on ITER. At the boundary, measured neutral density and ionization source fluxes are strongly poloidally asymmetric, implying a 2D treatment is needed to model pedestal fuelling. Detailed measurements of pedestal and SOL quantities and impurity charge state radiation in detached divertors has validated edge fluid modelling and new self-consistent ‘pedestal-to-divertor’ integrated modeling that can be used to optimize reactors. New feedback adaptive ELM control minimizes confinement reduction, and RMP ELM suppression with sustained high core performance was obtained for the first time with the outer strike point in a W-coated, compact and unpumped small-angle slot divertor. Advances have been made in integrated operational scenarios for ITER and power plants. Wide pedestal intrinsically ELM-free QH-modes are produced with more reactor-relevant conditions, Low torque IBS with W-equivalent radiators can exhibit predator-prey oscillations in T e and radiation which need control. High- β P scenarios with q min &gt; 2, q 95 –7.9, β N &gt; 4, β T –3.3% and H 98y2 &gt; 1.5 are sustained with high density ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 7E19 m −3 , f G –1) for 6 τ E , improving confidence in steady-state tokamak reactors. Diverted NT plasmas achieve high core performance with a non-ELMing edge, offering a possible highly attractive core-edge integration solution for reactors.

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Publication Details

Journal
Nuclear Fusion
Published
2024-08-15
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad2fe9
Citations
9
Primary Topic
Magnetic confinement fusion research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
5.94

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article

DIII-D research to provide solutions for ITER and fusion energy

A. Marinoni, D. Mauzey, D. Liu, V. S. Chan et al.
9 citations
Nuclear Fusion
Magnetic confinement fusion research
5.94
article

DIII-D research to provide solutions for ITER and fusion energy

A. Marinoni, D. Mauzey, D. Liu, V. S. Chan, S.C. Jardin, W. W. Heidbrink, X. Zhang, Ben G. Penaflor, A. Holm, Qilong Ren, E. C. Howell, R. Hong, E. M. Hollmann, X. Y. Song, Xianzu Gong, O. Bardsley, Robert Kolasinski, S. Vincena, T. Slendebroek, N. Li, A. Wingen, I. Sfiligoi, Shira Morosohk, K. Barada, T. Stange, J. Rauch, S. H. Kim, G. McArdle, J. Chen, Liam McAllister, G. Wang, G. Krämer, J.J. Roveto, Stefan Bringuier, R. Carr, Y. Lin, S. Pierson, C. E. Thomas, Megan Van Berkel Patel, N. Kumar, C. Michael, Shawn Zamperini, E. Leppink, Erik Olofsson, R. La Haye, G. Merlo, J. Gonzalez-Martin, A. Loarte-Prieto, L. P. Bradley, G. Tardini, D. Taussig, D. Shiraki, Charles Skinner, R. Kalling, Hanna Schamis, S. Mordijck, B. Van Compernolle, Vaish Gajaraj, R. Lunsford, J. Wai, E.A. Unterberg, A. Battey, Kyle Callahan, K. Gentle, F. Glass, Gayle Rutherford, W. Carrig, T. Pederson, Kela P. Weber, P. Schroeder, R. Maingi, Michael O. Hanson, P. Aleynikov, B.S. Victor, M. D. Pandya, A. Zalzali, C. Kim, Muquan Wu, D.M. Orlov, R. A. Myers, A. M. Sandorfi, Bingzhe Zhao, H. Wang, T. Stoltzfus-Dueck, L.L. LoDestro, A. Rothstein, S. Coda, C. Holland, X. Sun, William H. Meyer, W. Suttrop, G. J. Choi, J.L. Barr, K. Schultz, R. Reksoatmodjo, H. Kim, G. Avdeeva, K.J. McCollam, Drew A. Packard, D. Eldon, J.S. deGrassie, E. Perez, George Wilkie, Paul Linh Nguyen, X. Ma, J. Mateja, S. Ding, J.M. Hanson, N.C. Logan, C. Hansen, Tom Neiser, B. Carter, H. Anand, H. Savelli, J.P. Nichols, K. E. Thome, K. Zarrabi, P. J. Sun, Michael Halfmoon, I.S. Carvalho, I. Bykov, A.S. Welander, J. Lohr, Lennard Ceelen, Andrew Dvorak, A.G. McLean, M. E. Rensink, J. Leddy, D. R. Ernst, Ryan Chaban, Scott Parker, I. Holmes, J. P. Ziegel, R.D. Smirnov, Thomas Benedett, H. Lan, K. Imada, A. Nagy, C. Chrystal, J. W. Hughes, W. Fox, J.F. Tooker, L. Lao, P. Gohil, William Conlin, M.A. Miller, W.H.J. Hayashi, Yashika Ghai, S. Di Genova, Y. Takemura, R. Lantsov, K.L. Holtrop, Lavanya Periasamy, M. Clément, Z. Wang, K. McLaughlin, A. Zamengo, M. Tobin, Dajun Wu, Ryan Coffee, Lakshya Malhotra, Ricardo Shousha, C. M. Greenfield, Nahid Sadeghi, Chengkang Pan, Jeremy D. Lore, M.B. Ashburn, Z. Li, F. Turco, C. C. Petty, J. Pizzo, Samuel David Stewart, D. Nath, F. Sciortino, M. Major, S. D. Pinches, V. H. Hall-Chen, M. García-Muñoz, J. Kennedy, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, Anthony Gattuso, G. S. Li, Genevieve DeGrandchamp, M. Podestá, S.J. Wukitch, A. Diallo, Keith Erickson, Earl William DeShazer, H. Shen, S.M. Yang, G. Ronchi, T. P. Crowley, C. Parker, P. Nesbet, R.S. Granetz, P. Traverso, Long Zeng, L. Bardóczi, G. Sips, P. Lunia, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Guosheng Xu, S.A. Sabbagh, Yang Geun Chung, B. Geiger, A. Nelson, Weida Hu, N. Bertelli, O. Schmitz, N.M. Ferraro, A. J. Creely, N. Luhmann, R. Nguyen, R. J. Buttery, P.C. Stangeby, K. Davda, E. A. Belli, J. Brooks, C. Collins, Egemen Kolemen, Jonah Duran, A. De, R.M. Coon, G. M. Staebler, J.T.W. Koenders, Yueqiang Liu, Y. Ren, C. M. Muscatello, Tanmay Macwan, Arash Ashourvan, J. Kim, W. Guttenfelder, Mark Kostuk, S. Munaretto, Frederick J. Zimmerman, Eric Meier, C. Lau, E. H. Martin, C. Pierren, W. Grosnickle, S.H. Hahn, Ryan Albosta, Sungyeop Joung, K. Gage, Jizhao Zhu, N. de Boucaud, Satyajit Chowdhury, B.J.B. Crowley, David H. Kaplan, P. Sinha, Jai Sachdev, E. J. Strait, F. Nespoli, A. Turnbull, B. Sammuli, Juan Carlos Hurtado, T. Odstrčil, A. Lvovskiy, D. Lin, R.A. Pitts, Ari Salmi, Chaofeng Sang, Y. Wang, A.C. Sontag, T. Hisakado, J. Ménard, D.H. Kellman, L. Casali, Min-Gu Yoo, Davide Curreli, Ulises Losada Rodríguez, Ookjoo Ra, P. J. Fimognari, Ž. Popović, L. Schmitz, R. I. Pinsker, Alfredo Abe, Qiming Hu, L. Pigatto, D. P. Schissel, E. Trier, O. Meneghini, M. Curie, Z. Xing, W. M. Tang, Xijie Qin, R. Nygren, Cristina Rea, R. L. Boivin, F. Scotti, Xiang Li, M. Cengher, D. Liu, Finn H. O’Shea, Eugenio Schuster, Vedant Mehta, V. Soukhanovskii, M.G. Burke, Gang Yu, B. Grierson, T. N. Bernard, P. Snyder, T. M. Wilks, R. Hager, J. Yang, X. Chen, J. D. Callen, M. W. Brookman, A.Yu. Pigarov, A.Y. Pankin, V. Izzo, J. Damba, P.O. Khabanov, K Lee, Zheng-Wei Liu, R. Maurizio, W.P. Cary, R. W. Harvey, M.W. Shafer, P. Jouzdani, A. E. White, Diego M. Díaz Pace, J. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Park, D. F. Finkenthal, E.T. Hinson, J.H. Slief, Quinn Pratt, Alan A. Kaptanoglu, J. C. Rost, I. Char, C. A. Johnson, Sai Tej Paruchuri, J. R. Johnson, Lisa Brodsky, A. Reiman, J. T. Scoville, Azarakhsh Jalalvand, Greg A. Riggs, E.M. Bass, David B. Weisberg, W.R. Wampler, C. Murphy, Kole Rakers, Kevin Montes, Devin Vollmer, M. Navarro, R. Nazikian, S. D. Loch, K. Zeller, M. Kochan, Eli Dart, M. Lee, Dario Panici, Ruifeng Xie, S. Smith, N. T. Howard, Alexander D. Dupuy, D. P. Brennan, Matthew Parsons, B. Zhang, Katharina Rath, R. E. Waltz, E. Bagdy, Wonjae Choi, J. Riquezes, James P. Anderson, A. Hubbard, X. Han, C. Paz-Soldan, N.W. Eidietis, Jose A. Chiriboga, M. Ayub, G. R. McKee, T. Bolzonella, W. Boyes, E. Linsenmayer, T. Carter, Jeff Lestz, Matthew Beidler, J. Canik, J. Schellpfeffer, L. Sugiyama, A. Wang, Xiaodi Du, F. Effenberg, K. Teixeira, J.A. Boedo, M. E. Koepke, D. R. Smith, M. Margo, J. Ruane, E. Viezzer, Xu Yang, Marta Fajardo, Yuan Zheng, Xishuo Wei, Jalal Butt, Mariah J. Austin, A. M. Garofalo, A. Rosenthal, J. McClenaghan, David Donovan, Yilun Zhu, Yu. A. Gorelov, C. E. Schaefer, Emi Zeger, J.A. Leuer, C. Thomas Gray, J. Guterl, T. Carlstrom, N.J. Richner, Chunli Zhao, Y.M. Jeon, Andrew Seltzman, Carlos Sierra, A. Garcia, Mark D. Boyer, Torrin Bechtel, C. Crowe, S. R. Haskey, J. Serrano, G. Prechel, Dylan Pierce, D. Garnier, E. Litvinova Mitra, X. Q. Xu, G. Snoep, Sayak Bose, Stephen Storment, R. Perillo, A. Torrezan de Sousa, A. Kleiner, J. Park, F. M. Laggner, L. Stagner, Iván García, Federico David Halpern, R. Bielajew, S. Gu, B. Short, A. Dautt-Silva, Hantao Ji, Auna Moser, Y. Andrew, C.M. Samuell, M. Knolker, Saeid Houshmandyar, Russell Landry, C.K. Tsui, Santanu Banerjee, Ryan Hood, A. M. Dimits, J. Xia, Jonathan Coburn, N. Aiba, P. T. Bonoli, Assimo Maris, G.M. Bodner, David Su, R. Vieira, Evdokiya Kostadinova, T. Raines, Zhifang Lin, J. S. Sarff, R. Sweeney, Dinh Truong, S. J. Meitner, C. Liu, J.H. Yu, M. Porkolab, N. Leuthold, D. R. Demers, V. Zamkovska, E.C. Hansen, J. L. Herfindal, D. Miller, M. Willensdorfer, G. Sinclair, B. H. Chapman, W. Wehner, D.L. Rudakov, T.D. Rognlien, Matthew R. Jones, E. Jung, A. Järvinen, R. Chen, A. Cacheris, J. Huang, Joseph Abbate, Vincent Graber, M.E. Fenstermacher, Joel P. Dunsmore, Z. Yan, L. Turner, Leonard Lupin‐Jimenez, D. R. Hatch, W.M. Solomon, Yasuo Suzuki, M.L. Walker, D.A. Ennis, Richard J. Groebner, R.S. Wilcox, Donald A. SPONG, István Pusztai, Richard Fitzpatrick, R. Kube, Bruce E. Koel, Richard D. Mattes, Robert A. Reed, Kyle A. Thackston, C. Holcomb, M. Lehnen, Amy B. Welsh, J.D. King, M. Groth, Jared Squire, David Orozco, R. van Kampen, A.B. Huang, M.P. Ross, Xiang Jian, G. W. Hammett, R.M. Churchill, A. Bortolon, C. Sung, R. Rupani, Jun Ren, Zachary Bergstrom, Nicholas J. Osborne, C. Marini, Heng Guo, N. Shi, J. Hicok, R. Lee, Matt Pharr, Jaemin Seo, Y.L.C. de Jong, J.G. Watkins, N. A. Crocker, J. Qian, D. L. Brower, S. Flanagan, Promise Adebayo-Ige, J. Ridzon, A. Dal Molin, T. L. Rhodes, C. T. Holcomb, Susan Agabian, A. Feyrer, S. C. Molesworth, R. Shapov, Chang Liu, Jian Li, Eun‐jin Kim, Kyungjin Kim, Rui Ding, Mohamed A. Mohamed, Deepa Thomas, Yang Li, Eunjung Cho, K. Gill, E. Starling, S. S. Denk, J. Candy, Luca Cappelli, P.J. Byrne, Jason W. Mitchell, S. Lee, David Ayala, Yanglin Hu, Peter de Vries, M. Reinke, L. Rondini, S. Freiberger, J. Colmenares-Fernandez, A. de-Villeroche, Y. Elsey, H. Farre-Kaga, R. Finden, E. Kallenberg, D. Klasing, C. Lahban, Z. Bayler, L. Nuckols, C. Pakosta, P. Puthan-Naduvakkate, D. Santa, Benjamin T. Taczak, Y. Tinguely, S. Buczek, N. Akcay, Y. Sun, Lynne Webber, F. García, S. Ahmed, D. Kirk, Y. Chen, L. Baylor, R. 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article en
9 citations

Abstract

Abstract The DIII-D tokamak has elucidated crucial physics and developed projectable solutions for ITER and fusion power plants in the key areas of core performance, boundary heat and particle transport, and integrated scenario operation, with closing the core-edge integration knowledge gap being the overarching mission. New experimental validation of high-fidelity, multi-channel, non-linear gyrokinetic turbulent transport models for ITER provides strong confidence it will achieve Q ⩾ 10 operation. Experiments identify options for easing H-mode access in hydrogen, and give new insight into the isotopic dependence of transport and confinement. Analysis of 2,1 islands in unoptimized low-torque IBS demonstration discharges suggests their onset time occurs randomly in the constant β phase, most often triggered by non-linear 3-wave coupling, thus identifying an NTM seeding mechanism to avoid. Pure deuterium SPI for disruption mitigation is shown to provide favorable slow cooling, but poor core assimilation, suggesting paths for improved SPI on ITER. At the boundary, measured neutral density and ionization source fluxes are strongly poloidally asymmetric, implying a 2D treatment is needed to model pedestal fuelling. Detailed measurements of pedestal and SOL quantities and impurity charge state radiation in detached divertors has validated edge fluid modelling and new self-consistent ‘pedestal-to-divertor’ integrated modeling that can be used to optimize reactors. New feedback adaptive ELM control minimizes confinement reduction, and RMP ELM suppression with sustained high core performance was obtained for the first time with the outer strike point in a W-coated, compact and unpumped small-angle slot divertor. Advances have been made in integrated operational scenarios for ITER and power plants. Wide pedestal intrinsically ELM-free QH-modes are produced with more reactor-relevant conditions, Low torque IBS with W-equivalent radiators can exhibit predator-prey oscillations in T e and radiation which need control. High- β P scenarios with q min &gt; 2, q 95 –7.9, β N &gt; 4, β T –3.3% and H 98y2 &gt; 1.5 are sustained with high density ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> = 7E19 m −3 , f G –1) for 6 τ E , improving confidence in steady-state tokamak reactors. Diverted NT plasmas achieve high core performance with a non-ELMing edge, offering a possible highly attractive core-edge integration solution for reactors.

Nuclear FusionVol. 64(11)
Brigham Young University (US), ITER (FR), Hiroshima University (JP), West Virginia University (US), Portland State University (US), Oak Ridge Associated Universities (US), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US), Georgia Institute of Technology (US), Pennsylvania State University (US), University of Denver (US), University of Wisconsin–Madison (US), Bowdoin College (US), Seoul National University (KR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US), University of California, Santa Barbara (US), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KR), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US), University of California, Los Angeles (US), William & Mary (US), Universidade de São Paulo (BR), University of Toronto (CA), Lehigh University (US), San Diego Mesa College (US), University of Colorado Boulder (US), Sandia National Laboratories California (US), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN), Princeton University (US), University of Washington (US), University of California, Irvine (US), Purdue University West Lafayette (US), Williams (United States) (US), Dalian University of Technology (CN), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR), Brown University (US), University of Michigan (US), Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (US), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (GB), Ghent University Hospital (BE), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (US), Institute of High Performance Computing (SG), University of California San Diego (US), Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KR), National Institute for Fusion Science (JP), Bellevue Hospital Center (US), CEA Cadarache (FR), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (JP), Institute of Plasma Physics (CN), CompX (United States) (US), Nvidia (United States) (US), CEA Paris-Saclay (FR), Institute of Plasma Physics (IT), Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (DE), Boston Fusion (United States) (US), Tech-X Corporation (United States) (US), Fiat Lux, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (GB), Imperial College London (GB), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (KR), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH), University of York (GB), General Atomics (United States) (US), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), Chalmers University of Technology (SE), Carnegie Mellon University (US), University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US), UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO), Columbia University (US), Universidad de Sevilla (ES), Auburn University (US), Eindhoven University of Technology (NL), University of California, Davis (US), The University of Texas at Austin (US), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (FI), Palomar College (US), Aalto University (FI)
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Fusion Energy Sciences
Affordable and clean energy
Openalex Percentile: Top 3%
Magnetic confinement fusion research
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