The role of expected effort and returns

Funding Information: We are indebted to Siham Sikander and colleagues at HDRF for leading the data collection and for their consistently excellent collaboration on this work. This research was partially supported by ESRC awards ES/L009153/1 and ES/S003681/1 to the Centre for Microsocial Change which provided Font-Gilabert with a PhD studentship and Bhalotra and Delavande with research time. Bhalotra acknowledges partial support from the CAGE research centre at the University of Warwick. The data collection was partially funded by the NICHD award R01HD075875. The study procedures were approved by ethics committees in the US (Duke University, UNC) and Pakistan (Human Development Research Foundation\u2019s Ethics Committee). We have benefited from comments of Sule Alan and three anonymous referees. Delavande acknowledges partial funding from Horizon Europe (101086974). Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Economic Society.