Heat transfer in artificial ground freezing

To design an artificial ground freezing system it is important to be able to estimate the extent of the frozen ground as a function of time. A number of different approaches to these problems have been used and in particular finite element methods are used to cope with the complex geometry often encountered in ground freezing projects. In this paper the widely used Sanger and Sayles formulae are critically examined and an improved method is given which use some of the ideas of Sanger and Sayles to give a more reliable method. Numerical results are given for various dry densities of soil and water contents.