On the Nodal Set of Solutions to a Class of Nonlocal Parabolic Equations

We investigate the <italic>local properties</italic>, including the <italic>nodal set</italic> and the <italic>nodal properties</italic> of solutions to the following parabolic problem of Muckenhoupt-Neumann type: <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout Enlarged left-brace 1st Row 1st Column partial-differential Subscript t Baseline u overbar minus y Superscript negative a Baseline nabla dot left-parenthesis y Superscript a Baseline nabla u overbar right-parenthesis equals 0 2nd Column a m p semicolon in double-struck upper B 1 Superscript plus Baseline times left-parenthesis negative 1 comma 0 right-parenthesis 2nd Row 1st Column minus partial-differential Subscript y Superscript a Baseline u overbar equals q left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis u 2nd Column a m p semicolon on upper B 1 times StartSet 0 EndSet times left-parenthesis negative 1 comma 0 right-parenthesis comma EndLayout"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo accent="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo accent="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mtext> in </mml:mtext> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo accent="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mtext> on </mml:mtext> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> <mml:mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"/> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} \begin {cases} \partial _t \overline {u} - y^{-a} \nabla \cdot (y^a \nabla \overline {u}) = 0 \quad &amp;\text { in } \mathbb {B}_1^+ \times (-1,0) \ -\partial _y^a \overline {u} = q(x,t)u \quad &amp;\text { on } B_1 \times \{0\} \times (-1,0), \end{cases} \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> where <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="a element-of left-parenthesis negative 1 comma 1 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a\in (-1,1)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is a fixed parameter, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper B 1 Superscript plus Baseline subset-of double-struck upper R Superscript upper N plus 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>⊂</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb {B}_1^+\subset \mathbb {R}^{N+1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is the upper unit half ball and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper B 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B_1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is the unit ball in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper R Superscript upper N"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb {R}^N</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. Our main motivation comes from its relation with a class of nonlocal parabolic equations involving the fractional power of the heat operator <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Superscript s Baseline u left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis equals StartFraction 1 Over StartAbsoluteValue normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis negative s right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue EndFraction integral Subscript negative normal infinity Superscript t Baseline integral Underscript double-struck upper R Superscript upper N Baseline Endscripts left-bracket u left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis minus u left-parenthesis z comma tau right-parenthesis right-bracket StartFraction upper G Subscript upper N Baseline left-parenthesis x minus z comma t minus tau right-parenthesis Over left-parenthesis t minus tau right-parenthesis Superscript 1 plus s Baseline EndFraction d z d tau period"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>∫</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:msub> <mml:mo>∫</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:m

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Publication Details

Journal
Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society
Published
2024-09-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/memo/1512
Citations
4
Primary Topic
Differential Equations and Boundary Problems
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

On the Nodal Set of Solutions to a Class of Nonlocal Parabolic Equations

Susanna Terracini, Alessandro Audrito
4 citations
Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society
Differential Equations and Boundary Problems
0.97
article

On the Nodal Set of Solutions to a Class of Nonlocal Parabolic Equations

Susanna Terracini, Alessandro Audrito
article en
4 citations

Abstract

We investigate the <italic>local properties</italic>, including the <italic>nodal set</italic> and the <italic>nodal properties</italic> of solutions to the following parabolic problem of Muckenhoupt-Neumann type: <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout Enlarged left-brace 1st Row 1st Column partial-differential Subscript t Baseline u overbar minus y Superscript negative a Baseline nabla dot left-parenthesis y Superscript a Baseline nabla u overbar right-parenthesis equals 0 2nd Column a m p semicolon in double-struck upper B 1 Superscript plus Baseline times left-parenthesis negative 1 comma 0 right-parenthesis 2nd Row 1st Column minus partial-differential Subscript y Superscript a Baseline u overbar equals q left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis u 2nd Column a m p semicolon on upper B 1 times StartSet 0 EndSet times left-parenthesis negative 1 comma 0 right-parenthesis comma EndLayout"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo accent="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo accent="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mtext> in </mml:mtext> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo accent="false">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mtext> on </mml:mtext> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> <mml:mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"/> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} \begin {cases} \partial _t \overline {u} - y^{-a} \nabla \cdot (y^a \nabla \overline {u}) = 0 \quad &amp;\text { in } \mathbb {B}_1^+ \times (-1,0) \ -\partial _y^a \overline {u} = q(x,t)u \quad &amp;\text { on } B_1 \times \{0\} \times (-1,0), \end{cases} \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> where <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="a element-of left-parenthesis negative 1 comma 1 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a\in (-1,1)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is a fixed parameter, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper B 1 Superscript plus Baseline subset-of double-struck upper R Superscript upper N plus 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>⊂</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb {B}_1^+\subset \mathbb {R}^{N+1}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is the upper unit half ball and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper B 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B_1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is the unit ball in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper R Superscript upper N"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb {R}^N</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. Our main motivation comes from its relation with a class of nonlocal parabolic equations involving the fractional power of the heat operator <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Superscript s Baseline u left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis equals StartFraction 1 Over StartAbsoluteValue normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis negative s right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue EndFraction integral Subscript negative normal infinity Superscript t Baseline integral Underscript double-struck upper R Superscript upper N Baseline Endscripts left-bracket u left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis minus u left-parenthesis z comma tau right-parenthesis right-bracket StartFraction upper G Subscript upper N Baseline left-parenthesis x minus z comma t minus tau right-parenthesis Over left-parenthesis t minus tau right-parenthesis Superscript 1 plus s Baseline EndFraction d z d tau period"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>∫</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:msub> <mml:mo>∫</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:m

Memoirs of the American Mathematical SocietyVol. 301(1512)
Openalex Percentile: Top 37%
Differential Equations and Boundary Problems
0.97
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