Survival egoism: we are, they will be

Abstract Humanity’s rapid progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has been accompanied by deep uncertainties and existential fears. Will AI become sentient? Will it outsmart us, “understand” our irrelevance, and decide to end our species? Such questions, famously posed by futurists and scientists, have fueled proposals to limit or constrain advanced AI. Yet, no consensus solution has emerged, and our primal fear persists. This paper takes a different approach: rather than focusing on external constraints, we turn inward. We analyze the human psyche—specifically a concept called survival egoism —as a blueprint for designing safe, ethically aligned AI. Survival egoism refers to the stratified self-preservation instincts in humans, which have evolved in layers from basic physical survival to complex social and moral behaviors. By understanding how these layers enable humans to coexist and curb destructive impulses, we can attempt to replicate and even improve this structure in an artificial mind. We propose that an AI built with a similarly stratified psychological framework, rooted in a core principle akin to humanity’s survival-and-cooperation drive, could inherently avoid hostile outcomes. This interdisciplinary proposal merges insights from evolutionary biology, psychology, and philosophy to suggest a novel path toward AI alignment . We maintain a figurative and philosophical tone while striving for clarity and concision. The paper is organized into a theoretical examination of human survival egoism and an applied discussion of its implications for AI design, followed by conclusions and avenues for further thought.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
AI & Society
Published
2026-02-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-026-02866-5
Primary Topic
Ethics in medical practice
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

Survival egoism: we are, they will be

Tommaso Castiglione Ferrari
AI & Society
Ethics in medical practice
article

Survival egoism: we are, they will be

Tommaso Castiglione Ferrari
article en

Abstract

Abstract Humanity’s rapid progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has been accompanied by deep uncertainties and existential fears. Will AI become sentient? Will it outsmart us, “understand” our irrelevance, and decide to end our species? Such questions, famously posed by futurists and scientists, have fueled proposals to limit or constrain advanced AI. Yet, no consensus solution has emerged, and our primal fear persists. This paper takes a different approach: rather than focusing on external constraints, we turn inward. We analyze the human psyche—specifically a concept called survival egoism —as a blueprint for designing safe, ethically aligned AI. Survival egoism refers to the stratified self-preservation instincts in humans, which have evolved in layers from basic physical survival to complex social and moral behaviors. By understanding how these layers enable humans to coexist and curb destructive impulses, we can attempt to replicate and even improve this structure in an artificial mind. We propose that an AI built with a similarly stratified psychological framework, rooted in a core principle akin to humanity’s survival-and-cooperation drive, could inherently avoid hostile outcomes. This interdisciplinary proposal merges insights from evolutionary biology, psychology, and philosophy to suggest a novel path toward AI alignment . We maintain a figurative and philosophical tone while striving for clarity and concision. The paper is organized into a theoretical examination of human survival egoism and an applied discussion of its implications for AI design, followed by conclusions and avenues for further thought.

AI & Society
Reduced inequalities
Openalex Percentile: Top 100%
Ethics in medical practice
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Survival egoism: we are, they will be — Tommaso Castiglione Ferrari · AI & Society (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS