Mosquito nuisance and control in the UK in 2022 – A questionnaire-based survey of local authorities

Abstract Mosquitoes are widely distributed across the United Kingdom (UK) and shifts in their distribution, particularly those known for their nuisance-biting behaviour, are expected to lead to an increase in enquiries directed towards Local Authorities (LAs) Environmental Health teams. The Mosquito Nuisance and Control questionnaire aims to gather data on current and recent mosquito nuisance biting and assess local authority capabilities around mosquito control. This questionnaire has been conducted approximately every decade in the UK since 1970. This paper provides the latest results from the Mosquito Nuisance and Control Survey which was sent to all UK LAs in 2022. The questionnaire was distributed to Environmental Health officers within all local authorities across the UK. Participants were given the option to complete the questionnaire online, via email, or by post to ensure comprehensive data collection. The survey focused on assessing the frequency of mosquito nuisance incidents over the last decade, the identification of potential mosquito aquatic habitats, and the implementation and effectiveness of control strategies. The response rate was 62.5% (243/389) of which 3.5% LAs (14/389) reported mosquito nuisance incidents in the past decade, with 8 LAs (~2%) encountering complaints within the last year. Moreover, 89 LAs were able to identify potential mosquito aquatic habitats within their jurisdictions, and four reported activities that required mosquito control measures in the past year. Less than 1% of LAs reported that currently they have the need for dedicated budgets for mosquito control. The reasons for non-responses and inconsistencies in data recording require further investigation, as they may impact data accuracy and hinder effective mosquito management. This survey underscores the need to continue raising awareness about mosquitoes and the potential future need for control. It provides a baseline for preparedness against future mosquito-related risks. By addressing these areas, LAs will be better positioned to take proactive steps to reduce nuisance mosquito populations as they arise and to alleviate the future impact of mosquito-borne diseases and nuisances on their communities. Additionally, LAs can benefit from studying and adopting strategies from EU countries in managing invasive and nuisance biting mosquitoes.